Victim groups

According to the intention of the artist Gunter Demnig, Stumbling Blocks are laid for all victims of National Socialism. 
The victims also include the survivors of camps and prisons and those who fled Germany. 

  • Jews

    Victim group Jews

    Jews constitute by far the largest victim group. Around 5.6 to 6.3 million people defined as Jewish in Europe during the National Socialist era fell victim to the genocide of the Holocaust or Shoah.

  • “Asoziale” and “Berufskriminelle”

    “Asoziale” and “Berufskriminelle”.

    Between 1933 and 1945, several tens of thousands of people were declared “asozial” (nazi jargon for “antisocial”) or “Berufskriminelle” (nazi jargon for “professional criminals”) by the Gestapo, welfare authorities or courts. These people often had in common that they did not fit into the image of the capable, well-adjusted, National Socialist “Volksgenosse” or that they consciously or unconsciously pursued a lifestyle that did not fit into the National Socialist ideology. Amongst them were beggars, homeless people, maladjusted welfare delinquents, and petty criminals with petty convictions. Also homosexuals have often been declared “asozial”. It was not until February 2020 that the German parliament spoke out in favor of recognizing these people as victims of Nazi injustice.

    List of stumbling stones in Frankfurt commemorating people who were persecuted as “Asoziale” and “Berufskriminelle”:

    Name (Geburtsname)
    Geburtsdatum    		 Verfolgungsschicksal
    Todesdatum    		 Stadteil, Straße
    Verlegedatum
    Born, Valentin
    * 18.11.1891    		 Haft 18.3.1942, 1943 Natzweiler, Flossenbürg
    5/3/1945    		 Altstadt, Dominikanergasse 7
    22/6/2019
    Kipp, Karl
    * 27/9/1902    		 Haft: 8.12.1939, 30.6.1940 Diez, 28.1.1942 Flossenbürg
    25/4/1942    		 Altstadt, Berlinerstraße 32
    22/6/2019
    Schellhaas, Margarete
    (Reuel)
    * 27/7/1910    		 9.–14.6.1942 Gefängnis Frankfurt, 30.10.1944 Ravensbrück
    7/1/1945    		 Niederrad, Hahnstraße 18
    22/6/2017
    Schmitt, Karl
    * 23.10.1894    		 26.1.1939 Haft Frankfurt, 10.2.1939 Buchenwald
    24/12/1939    		 Niederrad, Hahnstraße 18
    22/6/2017
    Stecker, Karl
    * 12/1/1900    		 Haft 4.1.1934, 1934 Freiendiez, 1936 Ziegenhain, 1938 Schwäbisch Hall, 1939 Esterwegen, 1940 Butzbach, 1942 -Gusen
    ??.12.1942    		 Gallus, Frankenallee 60
    22/6/2019

  • Forced laborers

    Victim group of forced laborers.

    List of Stolpersteine in Frankfurt commemorating people who were conscripted as forced laborers:

    Name (Geburtsname)
    Geburtsdatum    		 Verfolgungsschicksal
    Todesdatum    		 Stadteil, Straße
    Verlegedatum
    Bagno, Iwan
    * 11/11/1925    		 4.8.1944 Hadamar
    unbekannt    		 Niederrad, Goldsteinstraße 114
    20/5/2016
    Girgulski, Maria
    (Hagel)
    * 6.9.1885
    überlebt    		 Innenstadt, Albusstraße 24
    19/5/2016
    Laurinec, Jan
    * 11/5/1901    		 1943 Buchenwald
    24/8/1944    		 Nordend, Schwarzburgstraße 51
    9/5/2010
    Nikitenko, Wasil
    * 24/4/1924    		 1944 nach Hadamar
    unbekannt    		 Niederrad, Goldsteinstraße 114
    20/5/2016
    Petitijean, Raymond
    * 27/4/1920    		 28.5.–6.10.1943 Zwangsarbeit bei Firma Messer und Co., 1.11.1943 Haft, 31.10.1944 Todesurteil
    12/12/1944    		 Ostend, Hanauer Landstraße 326
    6/27/2021
    Pivovarczik, Helena
    * 21/2/1922    		 Suizid
    29/5/1942    		 Niederrad, Kelsterbacher Straße28
    20/6/2013
    Prochorow, Nikolai
    * 11/5/1923    		 1944 Mauthausen Ebensee
    unbekannt    		 Niederrad, Goldsteinstraße 114
    20/5/2016
    Schwelle Messer & Co
    *     		Messer & Co., Gmbh, Apparate Und Werkzeuge. Hier In Zwangsarbeit 1941–45, Frauen und Männer aus Russland 145, Weissruthenien 27, Bulgarien 5, Litauen 50, Frankreich 120, Belgien 25, Niederlande 65, Italien 7
    		 Ostend, Hanauer Landstraße 326
    6/27/2021
    Slabtschenko, Alexandr
    * 22/1/1923    		 1943 Buchenwald
    27/3/1944    		 Niederrad, Goldsteinstraße 114
    20/5/2016

  • Victims of “Euthanasia” murders

    Victim group of mentally ill or disabled people (“euthanasia” murder).

    The National Socialist regime used the word “euthanasia” (Greek for “beautiful death” or “good death”) as a misleading and trivialising term for the systematic killing of actually or supposedly physically impaired or mentally ill people.

    Between 1939 and 1945, over 300,000 people died in various murder campaigns in the German Reich and in occupied Europe. Under the camouflage name “Aktion T4” (named after the headquarters of the responsible office at Tiergartenstraße 4 in Berlin), about 70,000 people were murdered in the gas chambers of the six “sanatoriums and nursing homes” in Grafeneck, Brandenburg, Hartheim, Pirna, Bernburg and Hadamar, which were converted into central killing centres, between the beginning of 1940 and August 1941.

    In Hadamar in central Hesse, about 14,500 people with disabilities and mental illnesses were murdered in a gas chamber, by lethal injections and medication, and by deliberate starvation between January 1941 and March 1945 as part of the so-called Aktion T4.

    Until now, Stolpersteine for this group of people could only be laid if relatives requested it. There is no database of “euthanasia” victims corresponding to the online database of the Memorial Book of the Federal Archives “Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933-1945” (Victims of the Persecution of the Jews under National Socialist Tyranny in Germany 1933-1945). Data protection reasons and consideration for the families from which the victims came are cited against such a database.

    List of stumbling stones in Frankfurt commemorating people who died as a result of the “euthanasia” murders:

    Name (Geburtsname)
    Geburtsdatum    		 Verfolgungsschicksal
    Todesdatum    		 Stadteil, Straße
    Verlegedatum
    Alberti, Karl
    * 17/12/1905    		 Haft 14.2.1939, Anstalt Eichberg, 1941 Hadamar
    22/1/1941    		 Niederrad, Kelsterbacherstraße 73
    24/6/2019
    Begemann, August
    * 2.2.1895    		 Herborn, 21.7.1941 Hadamar
    21/7/1941    		 Gallus, Mainzer Landstrasse 121
    10/19/2021
    Berberich, Helene
    (Ebelsbacher, verw. Fontheim )
    * 2.10.1874    		 16.9.1941 Bendorf-Sayn, Weilmünster, 12.7.1942 unbekannt
    unbekannt    		 Westend, Leerbachstraße 50
    22/6/2019
    Brandenstein, Karl
    * 27/5/1907    		 Haft 16.3.1939, F-Preungesheim, 23.8.1939 Eichberg, 19.2.1941 Hadamar
    19/2/1941    		 Rödelheim, Hattsteinerstraße 6
    24/6/2019
    Breslau, Ignaz
    * 3.4.1870    		 Heilanstalt Herborn, Landesanstalt Brandenburg
    17/2/1941    		 Eschersheim, Haeberlinstraße 6
    17/2/2009
    Butterweck, Lina
    * 30/11/1913    		 30.4.1941 Weilmünster, „Heilanstalt“ Hadamar
    12/6/1941    		 Westend, Eschersheimer Landstraße 107
    9/5/2010
    Einhorn, Sabine
    (Bletz)
    * 4.1.1890    		 1932 Hadamar, 1939 Herborn, Gießen 25.9.1940 T4-Tötungsanstalt Brandenburg
    1/10/1940    		 Ostend, Obermainstraße 6
    22/10/2019
    Geiss, Lina
    (Heimbächer)
    * 7.5.1894    		 1941 Anstalt Herborn, 7.3.1941 T4-Tötungsanstalt Hadamar
    7/3/1941    		 Bahnhofsviertel, Moselstraße 46
    22/6/2017
    Gerlach, Margarethe
    (Tamm)
    * 5.5.1883    		 1941 „Heilanstalt“ T4-Tötungsanstalt Hadamar
    13/2/1941    		 Eschersheim, Neumannstraße 20
    3/9/2008
    Haag, Adam
    * 20.1.1876    		 Heilanstalt Herborn, 12.3.1941 „Heilanstalt“ Hadamar
    12/3/1941    		 Bockenheim, Leipziger Straße 19
    21/6/2014
    Hess, Jakob
    * 7/4/1916    		 1934 „Heilanstalt“ Kalmenhof
    19/8/1939    		 Altstadt, Hinter dem Lämmchen 4
    25/4/2008
    Hofmann, Elisabeth
    * 22/7/1900    		 1934 Bethel Zwangssterilisation, 1939 Herborn, 13.2.1941 Hadamar
    13/2/1941    		 Rödelheim, Kalkentalstraße 7
    24/6/2019
    Horn, Georg
    * 10.4.1882    		 22.7.1922 Psychiatrie Gießen, 27.10.1922 Hadamar, 10.11.1924 Eichberg, 29.1.1941 Hadamar + 3.2.1941
    29/1/1941    		 Höchst, Hostatostraße 9
    23/6/2019
    Janik, Ottilie
    * 17/6/1903    		 Hadamar
    20/1/1941    		 Dornbusch, Am Dornbusch 3
    16/5/2015
    Kersten, Elisabeth
    * 23/12/1905    		 „Heilanstalt“ Hadamar
    20/4/1943    		 Eckenheim, Am Eckenheimer Friedhof 1
    9/5/2010
    Kopp, Nikolaus
    * ?.?.1901    		 1941 „Heilanstalt“ Hadamar
    13/2/1941    		 Gallus, Mainzer Landstraße 137
    6/6/2009
    Mardner, Franz Maria
    * 1.9.1875    		 18.1.1919 Psychiatrie Frankfurt, Herbst 1919 Heilanstalt Herborn, 12.03.1941 Hadamar
    4/1/1941    		 Nordend, Stalburgstraße 34
    9/4/2021
    Müller, Anna
    (Becker)
    * 18.11.1895    		 1940 Merxhausen, 12.6.1941 Eichberg, 3.7.1941 Hadamar
    3/7/1941    		 Rödelheim, Flußgasse 4
    23/6/2019
    Netter, Rosette
    * 31.10.1868    		 4.2.1941 Heilanstalt Weilmünster, 7.2.1941 „Heilanstalt“ Hadamar
    7/2/1941    		 Westend, Freiherr-vom-Stein-Straße 26
    21/6/2014
    Neuser, Edgar
    * 14/1/1922    		 1926 Scheuern, 19.3.1941 Hadamar
    19/3/1941    		 Gallus, Kostheimer Straße 15
    22/6/2019
    Nissen, Johann
    * 12.6.1869    		 18.04.1944 Weilmünster
    24/4/1944    		 Nordend, Rohrbachstraße 53
    12/6/2021
    Pawel, Martin
    * 5.12.1893    		 25.9.1940 Heilanstalt Gießen, 1.10.1940 Brandenburg
    1/10/1940    		 Bockenheim, Sophienstraße 29
    21/6/2014
    Perlhefter, Günther
    * 7/9/1931    		 3.6.1943 „Heilanstalt“ Hadamar
    3/9/1943    		 Sachsenhausen, Schulstraße 26
    12/5/2012
    Schwemmer, Karlheinz
    * 30/8/1933    		 5.3.1943 Haft, 9.8.1943 „Heilanstalt“ Hadamar
    12/8/1943    		 Gallus, Gutenbergstraße 20
    11/5/2012
    Seeger, Marie
    * 6.11.1800    		 1932 Hadamar, 1939 Herborn, 13.2.1941 Hadamar
    13/2/1941    		 Bornheim, Thronerstaße 8
    24/6/2019
    Wahl, Otto
    * 16/2/1910    		 1940 Eichberg, 17.2.1941 Hadamar
    17/2/1941    		 Sachsenhausen, Stegstraße 53
    12/6/2021
    Waßmann, Karl
    * 25.12.1885    		 1941 „Heilanstalt“ Hadamar
    14/3/1941    		 Riederwald, Am Erlenbruch 10
    19/11/2011
    Zimmerer, Willy
    * 16/4/1901    		 6.3.1944 Universitätsnervenklinik , 17.3.1944 Weilmünster, 13.10.1944 Hadamar
    18/12/1944    		 Nordend, Rotlintstraße 41
    23/10/2018

  • Homosexuals

    Victim group Homosexuals.

    The legal persecution of homosexuals that had existed since the 19th century (§175) was radically tightend by the National Socialists in 1935. From 1937, homosexuals had to expect to be deported to a concentration camp for “re-education” after serving their sentence. Anyone who had “seduced more than one partner,” according to an order issued by Himmler in 1940, was generally to be placed in “preventive detention” after release from prison. Many of the homosexuals deported to concentration camps were murdered there. Others have been declared as “mentally ill” and have been killed in the “Euthanasie” program.

    Lecture “Stones against forgetting” (PDF)

    List of stumbling stones in Frankfurt commemorating homosexuals:

    Name (Geburtsname)
    Geburtsdatum    		 Verfolgungsschicksal
    Todesdatum    		 Stadteil, Straße
    Verlegedatum
    Alberti, Karl
    * 17/12/1905    		 Haft 14.2.1939, Anstalt Eichberg, 1941 Hadamar
    22/1/1941    		 Niederrad, Kelsterbacherstraße 73
    24/6/2019
    Boltzt, Johann
    * 19.9.1893    		 10.7.1941 Dachau
    4/3/1942    		 Westend, Savignystraße 55
    5/11/2007
    Born, Valentin
    * 18.11.1891    		 Haft 18.3.1942, 1943 Natzweiler, Flossenbürg
    5/3/1945    		 Altstadt, Dominikanergasse 7
    22/6/2019
    Brandenstein, Karl
    * 27/5/1907    		 Haft 16.3.1939, F-Preungesheim, 23.8.1939 Eichberg, 19.2.1941 Hadamar
    19/2/1941    		 Rödelheim, Hattsteinerstraße 6
    24/6/2019
    Bütschli, Otto
    * 11/8/1907    		 Haft: 12.7.1939, 1939 Lager Rodgau, 1940 Gefängnis Preungesheim, 1941 Buchenwald, Groß-Rosen
    3/11/1941    		 Westend, Körnerstraße 16
    22/6/2019
    Kahn, Jakob
    * 5.11.1882    		 Haft: 10.4.1937 und 2.5.1939, F-Preungesheim, 13. Juli 1939 Diez, 8.2.1940 Sachsenhausen
    12/4/1940    		 Innenstadt, Allerheiligenstraße 26
    22/6/2019
    Kipp, Karl
    * 27/9/1902    		 Haft: 8.12.1939, 30.6.1940 Diez, 28.1.1942 Flossenbürg
    25/4/1942    		 Altstadt, Berlinerstraße 32
    22/6/2019
    Kopp, Nikolaus
    * ?.?.1901    		 1941 „Heilanstalt“ Hadamar
    13/2/1941    		 Gallus, Mainzer Landstraße 137
    6/6/2009
    Korndörfer, Adolf
    * 2.5.1880    		 Haft: 16.5.1939, Frankfurt, Suizid
    27/7/1939    		 Westend, Beethovenstraße 32
    22/6/2019
    Meier, Hermann
    * 16/3/1905    		 1941 und 1942 Buchenwald
    15/9/1943    		 Rödelheim, Am Rödelheimer Wehr 4
    24/4/2008
    Oppenheimer, Elias
    * 19.6.1886    		 Haft 18.9.1941, F-Preungesheim, 1942 Buchenwald
    13/5/1942    		 Westend, Wöhlerstraße 6
    22/6/2019
    Stecker, Karl
    * 12/1/1900    		 Haft 4.1.1934, 1934 Freiendiez, 1936 Ziegenhain, 1938 Schwäbisch Hall, 1939 Esterwegen, 1940 Butzbach, 1942 -Gusen
    ??.12.1942    		 Gallus, Frankenallee 60
    22/6/2019

  • Jehovah’s Witnesses

    Victim Group Jehovah’s Witnesses

    The members of the “Internationalen Bibelforscher-Vereinigung” (“International Bible Students Association”, since 1931 “Jehovah’s Witnesses”) were persecuted by the Nazi regime because of their resistance out of Christian conviction. In 1933, there were about 25,000 Jehovah’s Witnesses in Germany. The religious community was banned immediately after Hitler’s “Machtergreifung” (“seizure of power”) because they stood uncompromisingly by their faith and did not submit to the ideology of the Nazi regime. Jehovah’s Witnesses refused to give the Hitler salute, to perform military service and to give up their religious services. They also refused membership in Nazi organizations. They actively resisted the Nazi regime by distributing leaflets informing people about the injustice of the National Socialists.

    Almost half of the German Jehovah’s Witnesses were imprisoned, about 2,800 were sent to concentration camps, and about 950 lost their lives between 1933 and 1945. The survivors had not infrequently spent eight years or more in concentration camps. In Frankfurt, there were over 150 faith-active Jehovah’s Witnesses, all of whom were affected by the persecution. 112 were imprisoned; 15 lost their lives.

    List of stumbling stones in Frankfurt commemorating Jehovah’s Witnesses:

    Name (Geburtsname)
    Geburtsdatum    		 Verfolgungsschicksal
    Todesdatum    		 Stadteil, Straße
    Verlegedatum
    Eichhorn, Ludwig
    * 31.10.1899    		 Haft 24.3.1937 Frankfurt-Preungesheim, 2.9.1937–11.4.1945 Konzentrationslager Buchenwald
    befreit    		 Niederrad, Breubergstraße 26
    22/6/2017
    Finkernagel, Karl
    * 29.8.1869    		 Konzentrationslager Buchenwald
    24/8/1937    		 Bockenheim, Hamburger Allee 58
    18/5/2015
    Hild, Frieda
    (Buck)
    * 14.9.1892    		 1938 Gefängnis Frankfurt
    30/4/1940    		 Dornbusch, Marbachweg 291
    21/6/2014
    Hild, Willy
    * 30.12.1894    		 25.5.1938 Buchenwald
    		 Dornbusch, Marbachweg 291
    21/6/2014
    Kaltwasser, Adam
    * 22.2.1891    		 10.3.1937 Papenburg, 1939 Mauthausen
    19/4/1940    		 Ginnheim, Ginnheimer Landstraße 198
    21/6/2014
    Kaltwasser, Wilhelmine
    (Heid)
    * 9.6.1890    		 25.3.937 Haft Frankfurt
    		 Ginnheim, Ginnheimer Landstraße 198
    21/6/2014
    Kanne, Anna
    * 19.8.1882    		 2.12.1936 Gefängnis Frankfurt, Moringen, Lichtenburg, Ravensbrück Mai 1945
    befreit    		 Dornbusch, Marbachweg 328
    18/5/2018
    Kell, Bernhard
    * 21.1.1874    		 Haft 20.5.1938 Frankfurt, Buchenwald, Dachau, Lublin
    18/2/1944    		 Bockenheim, Voltastraße 55
    18/5/2015
    Köninger, Anna
    (Schäfer)
    * 27.3.1880    		 14.9.1937 F, 30.9.1937 Mannheim, 30.11.1937 Bruchsal, 21.2.–24.12.1938 Lichtenburg
    		Nordend, Oederweg 126
    23/6/2017
    Krämer, Adolf
    * 27/7/1900    		 1937 Haft Frankfurt, Buchenwald
    befreit    		 Griesheim, Mainzer Landstraße 606
    21/5/2016
    Krieg, Oscar
    * 24.11.1884    		 1937 Haft
    29/5/1945    		 Sachsenhausen, Hedderichstraße 42
    19/5/2016
    Lehrbach, Emmy
    (Dentzer)
    * 8.7.1896    		 26.1.1937 Frankfurt, Moringen, Lichtenburg, Ravensbrück, Außenlager Mai 1945
    befreit    		 Eschersheim, Hinter den Ulmen 22
    18/5/2018
    Lubowitzky, Paula
    (Walheim)
    * 10.1.1884    		 Haft: 18. 3.1937 Frankfurt-Preungesheim, 28.7.1937 Moringen, 21.2.1938 Lichtenburg, 15.5.1939–30.4.1945 Ravensbrück
    befreit    		 Höchst, Loreleistraße 6
    24/6/2017
    Mayer, Balthasar
    * 7.4.1878    		 1936 F-Preungesheim, Buchenwald, 1943 Dachau
    22/1/1945    		 Griesheim, Fabriciusstraße 11
    22/6/2013
    Mayer, Elisabeth
    (Blamm)
    * 25.5.1882    		 Haft 1936 Frankfurt, Moringen, Lichtenburg, Ravensbrück, befreit
    1/5/1945    		 Griesheim, Fabriciusstraße 11
    22/6/2019
    Muth, Anna
    (Rühl)
    * 18.8.1899    		 1937 Haft Frankfurt, Ravensbrück
    befreit    		 Westend, Emser Brücke (Emserstraße 16)
    21/5/2016
    Muth, Ernst
    * 4.6.1897    		 1937 Haft Frankfurt
    17/6/1939    		 Westend, Emser Brücke (Emserstraße 16)
    21/5/2016
    Oechler, Anna
    * 30/11/1900    		 30.10.1936 Frankfurt, Moringen, Lichtenburg, Ravensbrück, Lager Hartzwalde Mai 1945
    befreit    		 Dornbusch, Marbachweg 328
    18/5/2018
    Pater, Berta
    (Schäfer)
    * 17.11.1882    		 29.10.1936 F, 23.6.1937 Moringen, 21.2.1938 Lichtenburg, Mai 1939 Ravensbrück, 1.7.1942 Konzentrationslager Auschwitz, 18.1.1945 Bergen-Belsen bis 15.4.1945
    befreit    		 Nordend, Oederweg 126
    23/6/2017
    Reinhardt, Rudolf
    * 20.5.1886    		 Haft 1937 Frankfurt, Lichtenburg, Buchenwald befreit
    1/5/1945    		 Innenstadt, Schützenstraße 7
    22/6/2019
    Schäfer, Elisabeth
    (Neff)
    * 3.9.1884    		 Haft 1937 Frankfurt, Moringen, Lichtenburg, Ravensbrück, befreit
    1/6/1944    		 Westend, Bockenheimer Landstraße 104
    22/6/2019
    Schättle, Marie
    (Steinbach)
    * 9.11.1883    		 1937 Haft Frankfurt, Ravensbrück
    befreit    		 Westend, Palmengartenstraße 3
    20/5/2016
    Schmid, Katharina
    (Reimann)
    * 1.1.1889    		 1937 KZ Moringen, Ravensbrück, 1941 Konzentrationslager Auschwitz, 1945 Bergen-Belsen
    22/2/1945    		 Sachsenhausen, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 40
    20/6/2013
    Steinbach, Valentin
    * 15.7.1891    		 11.9.1936 Frankfurt Klapperfeld, 30.12.1936 Frankfurt, Hammelsgasse, 19.3.1937 Frankfurt-Preungesheim, 18.6.1937 Lichtenburg, 31.7.1937 Buchenwald, 29.8.1942 Mauthausen
    		 Nordend, Schwarzburgstraße 26
    23/6/2019
    Winter, Luise
    * 13.3.1893    		 5.3.1937 Frankfurt, Moringen, Lichtenburg, Ravensbrück, Außenlager Mai 1945
    befreit    		 Westend, Bettinastraße 23
    19/5/2018

  • Resistance, victims of political persecution

    Victim group Resistance, victims of political persecution

    Immediately after the Nazis’ “Machtergreifung” (“seizure of power”), the workers’ parties SPD and KPD and their allied organizations such as the Rote Hilfe were banned, the free trade unions were smashed, and the works councils were replaced by Nazi organizations. Political resistance was paralyzed. In addition, there was a deep split between the SPD and the KPD, which reduced cooperation to a few personal contacts. In total, it is assumed that around 2,000 people took part in the resistance in Frankfurt; about 1,500 are known by name. More than 30 of them were sentenced to death by the Frankfurt “Volksgerichtshof” and the Kassel “Oberlandesgericht.” In addition to political resistance in a strict sense, there were also a variety of forms of resistance, e.g. Christian or humanitarian in motivation and were also persecuted without mercy by the Nazi regime.

    List of stumbling stones in Frankfurt commemorating people who took part in resistance or were persecuted for political reasons:

    Name (Geburtsname)
    Geburtsdatum    		 Verfolgungsschicksal
    Todesdatum    		 Stadteil, Straße
    Verlegedatum
    Becker, Bernhard
    * 7/12/1914    		 27.11.1937 Gestapohaft
    14/12/1937    		 Nordend, Schwarzburgstraße 50
    15/10/2004
    Beisel, Johann Michael
    * 27.10.1876    		 SPD, Reichsbahn, Entlassung im Juni 1935, Festnahme: 5.8.1940, Haft 1.8.1940 - 14.2.1941 Haft F-Hammelgasse, Polizeigefängnis Frankfurt
    18/4/1941    		 Niederrad, Triftstraße 9
    12/5/2021
    Bender, Georg
    * 23/10/1902    		 14.10.1938 Volksgerichtshof Hochverrat
    befreit    		 Nied, Schwedenpfad 21
    19/11/2013
    Bender, Helene
    (Grau)
    * 18/7/1907    		 1938 Haft
    4/5/1938    		 Nied, Schwedenpfad 21
    19/11/2013
    Bild, Hans
    * 30/3/1904    		 1937 Haft Kassel, 1942 Sachsenhausen
    16/7/1942    		 Gallus, Tevesstraße 27
    11/5/2012
    Breitinger, Anton
    * 19.6.1898    		 F-Preungesheim
    17/9/1942    		 Bornheim, Neebstraße 3
    21/6/2013
    Buttler, Paul
    * 26/4/1910    		 KPD, Prozeß 1937, 1938-1940 Haft in Ffm-Preungesheim und Freiendiez, danach Arbeitskommando, tot bei Luftangriff in Hanau
    25/9/1944    		 Niederrad, Schwanheimer Str. 14
    12/5/2021
    Ebert, Wilhelm
    * 11/8/1901    		 1942 Haft Frankfurt
    17/6/1942    		 Fechenheim, Leo-Gans-Straße 21
    28/5/2016
    Elison, Emma
    (Roman)
    * 12.12.1880    		 13.3.1935 Frankfurt-Preungesheim, 11.4.1942 Ravensbrück, Konzentrationslager Auschwitz
    9/10/1941    		 Innenstadt, Klingerstraße 25
    24/6/2017
    Elison, Fritz
    * 23.8.1886     		13.3.1935 und 1938 Frankfurt-Preungesheim, 4.2.1937–21.5.1940 Butzbach Freiendiez
    		 Innenstadt, Klingerstraße 25
    24/6/2017
    Fehler, Karl
    * 24/3/1905    		 25.8.1941 Konzentrationslager Sachsenhausen
    19/12/1941    		 Gallus, Tevesstraße 43
    3/9/2008
    Friesem, Clara
    * 27/12/1908    		 1936 „Hochverrat“, Konzentrationslager Ravensbrück, 1942 T4-Tötungsanstalt Bernburg
    unbekannt    		 Nordend, Herderstraße 27
    23/6/2017
    Gerhardt, Wilhelm
    * 21/7/1905    		 Wehrmacht 8.10.1942, Bewährungseinheit 57. Division
    10/10/1943    		 Niederrad, Odenwaldstraße 10
    22/6/2017
    Germann, Edmund
    * 13/9/1901    		 17.6.1941 „Hochverrat" F-Preungesheim, Hinrichtung
    17/9/1942    		 Bahnhofsviertel, Niddastraße 64
    22/6/2014
    Hartmann, Fritz
    * 2/9/1905    		 1940 Haft in Paris, Frankfurt Gusen/Mauthausen
    13/4/1945    		 Höchst, Königsteiner Straße 49
    8/5/2012
    Häuslein, Otto
    * 3/1/1911    		 1941 „Hochverrat, Preungesheim, Hinrichtung
    17/9/1942    		 Sachsenhausen, Bindingstraße 9
    22/6/2014
    Heps, Heinrich
    * 11/12/1908    		 1935–40 Zuchthaus, 1944 Strafbataillon 999
    26/3/1944    		 Nied, Schmidtbornstraße 1
    13/7/2016
    Hugo, Wilhelm Adam
    * 18/7/1906    		 18.7.1941 „Hochverrat", F-Preungesheim, Hinrichtung
    17/9/1942    		 Ostend, Linnéstraße 27
    22/6/2014
    Itzstein, Josef
    * 29.3.1896    		 KPD, Prozeß 1935, 2 Jahre 9 Monate Zuchthaus, Februar 1937: Aschendorfer Moor Lager 2, Februar 1938 bis April 1941 KZ Buchenwald.
    1947 Haftfolgen    		 Niederrad, Goldsteinstraße 77
    12/5/2021
    Janke, Paul Heinrich
    * 26/7/1907    		 1943 Gefängnis Frankfurt, Potsdam, Hinrichtung
    25/2/1945    		 Innenstadt, Stiftstraße 17
    22/6/2014
    Lewin, Henry
    * 10/3/1902    		 1935 Zuchthaus Frankfurt-Preungesheim
    2/2/1937    		 Höchst, Königsteiner Straße 6
    3/9/2008
    Mahler, Rudolf
    * 11.6.1889    		 20.9.1939 Buchenwald, 15.7.1941 Pirna
    15/7/1941    		 Bahnhofsviertel, Münchener Straße 20
    4/6/2011
    Nebel, Georg
    * 7.8.1896    		 Volksgerichthof/KPD
    14/8/1944    		 Fechenheim, Lachnerstraße 4
    16/5/2015
    Nees, Julius
    * 28.9.1898    		 1941 „Hochverrat, Preungesheim, Hinrichtung
    17/9/1942    		 Sachsenhausen, Offenbacher Landstraße 9
    22/6/2014
    Neumann, Hermann
    * 16/3/1901    		 7.11.1934–30.5.1935 Frankfurt, 1935–39 Kassel-Wehlheiden, 5.1.1939 F-Hammelgasse, 13.3.1939 Dachau, 27.9.1939 Mauthausen
    15/2/1940    		 Niederrad, Kelsterbacher Straße 24
    22/6/2017
    Ochs, Heinrich
    * 17/3/1905    		 1941 „Hochverrat" F-Preungesheim, Suizid
    ?.?.1942    		 Bahnhofsviertel, Niddastraße 63
    22/6/2014
    Oswalt, Alfred
    * 20/6/1910    		 14.10.1944 Plötzensee, 3.2.1945 Bayreuth
    befreit    		 Niederad, Holzhecke 27
    9/5/2021
    Portune, Andreas
    * 17/2/1905    		 22.3.1943 Gefängnis Frankfurt, 1944 KZ Roßlau
    23/5/1945    		 Nordend, Weberstraße 64
    24/6/2017
    Roman, Emanuel
    * 22.11.1883    		 13.3.1935–13.3.1941 Kassel-Wehlheiden, 13.3.1941 Buchenwald
    12/5/1941    		 Innenstadt, Heiligkreuzgasse 22
    24/6/2017
    Sauer, Balthasar
    * 10.2.1883    		 1942 Haft in Dachau, 1944 Lublin, Januar 1945 Konzentrationslager Auschwitz
    7/1/1945    		 Innenstadt, Allerheiligenstraße 26
    15/10/2004
    Schabinger, Heinrich
    * 20/5/1911    		 Haft 3.3.1935 und 2.12.938, 24.7.1941 Flossenbürg
    27/3/1942    		 Niederrad, Herzogstraße 9
    21/6/2020
    Schabinger, Ludwig
    *     		KPD, Haft: 1935 Kassel, Hannover, Papenburg; 1941 U-Gefängnis Frankfurt, 1942 Celle; April 1945 Todesmarsch, befreit
    		 Niederrad, Goldsteinstraße 47
    12/5/2021
    Schellhaas, Margarete
    (Reuel)
    * 27/7/1910    		 9.–14.6.1942 Gefängnis Frankfurt, 30.10.1944 Ravensbrück
    7/1/1945    		 Niederrad, Hahnstraße 18
    22/6/2017
    Schmitt, Karl
    * 23.10.1894    		 26.1.1939 Haft Frankfurt, 10.2.1939 Buchenwald
    24/12/1939    		 Niederrad, Hahnstraße 18
    22/6/2017
    Schuhmann, Friedrich
    * 12/8/1906    		 Spanischer Bürgerkrieg, Brunete bei Madrid
    6/7/1937    		 Höchst, Kurmainzer Straße 20
    8/5/2012
    Schurr, Paul
    * 27/6/1907    		 Volksgerichthof
    27/2/1941    		 Westend, Im Trutz 24
    16/5/2015
    Sonntag, Paul
    * 10.2.1890    		 Brandenburgen, Goerden, hingerichtet
    20/4/1945    		 Bockenheim, Robert-Mayer-Straße 48
    21/6/2013
    Tellgmann, Gustav
    * 22.10.1891    		 Volksgerichthof
    26/2/1945    		 Bockenheim, Robert-Mayer-Straße 47
    18/5/2015
    Wedekind, Arnd von
    * 2/6/1919    		 1.7.1943 verhaftet, 1.9.1943 Volksgerichtshof Todesurteil
    3/9/1943    		 Westend, Zimmerweg 4
    5/3/2007
    Wehrle, Herman Josef
    * 26.7.1899    		 18.8.1944 Berlin
    14/9/1944    		 Höchst, Gebeschusstraße 22–24
    25/10/2010
    Weisbecker, Walter
    * 23/5/1912    		 1935 Zuchthaus Kassel, 1941 Dachau, 1944 Strafbataillon
    3/7/1946    		 Niederrad, Gundhofstraße 8
    12/5/2012
    Weisenseel, Eugen
    * 7.6.1899    		 1943 Haft, 1945 Dachau
    unbekannt    		 Fechenheim, Löhnungsgasse 19
    28/5/2016
    Wissenbach, Erwin
    * 9/5/1907    		 KPD, 26.10.1932 Urteil mit Haft F-Hammelgasse, Oktober 1935, 2 Jahre 6 Monate Gefängnis, Bewährungsbataillon 999,
    Tod an der Front 1943     		Niederrad, Kelsterbacher Straße 58
    12/5/2021
    Zakowski, Elisabeth
    * 18.2.1897    		 Haft: 6.9.1936 - 6.3.1940, Frauenstrafanstalt Aichach
    		 Unterliederbach, Karl-König-Weg 36
    24/6/2017
    Zakowski, Josef
    * 12.5.1895    		 Haft: 31.8.–2.9.1936 Frankfurt Polizeigefängnis, 16.9.1936 Gefängnis Hammelsgasse 6–10
    26/11/1936    		 Unterliederbach, Karl-König-Weg 36
    24/6/2017
    Zeuss, August Wilhelm
    * 25/11/1912    		 1941 Sachsenhausen, 1942 Dachau, 1944 Majdanek, 14.4.1944 Konzentrationslager Auschwitz
    14/4/1944    		 Nordend, Spohrstraße 34
    3/6/2011

  • Sinti and Roma

    Victim group Sinti and Roma.

    The population group calling itself Sinti and Roma was gradually marginalized, disenfranchised and persecuted by the National Socialists starting in 1933. The Nazi regime applied the regulations of the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 to the estimated 30,000 Sinti and Roma living in Germany. In November 1936, the “Rassehygieneinstitut” (Racial Hygiene Institute) was established at the Reichsgesundheitsamt (Reich Health Office) under the direction of Robert Ritter, which primarily collected data on Sinti and Roma. In June 1938, several hundred Sinti and Roma were arrested and deported to concentration camps during the “Arbeitsscheu Reich” campaign, which targeted people classified as “asozial” (antisocial). Starting in March 1939, Sinti and Roma received “Rasseausweise” (race ID) marked with a “Z” instead of their confiscated German passports.

    The city of Frankfurt played an inglorious pioneering role in the persecution of the Roma and Sinti. On August 18, 1937, 55 women, children and men living in a caravan site on Kruppstraße were herded together to Dieselstraße in the Osthafen. Of the Roma and Sinti living in Frankfurt am Main, 172 people were interned in “Zigeunerlagern” (gypsy camps) on Dieselstraße and Kruppstraße, eight people were forcibly sterilized, 174 people were deported to Auschwitz, and at least 89 were murdered there.

    List of stumbling stones in Frankfurt commemorating Sinti and Roma:

    Name (Geburtsname)
    Geburtsdatum    		 Verfolgungsschicksal
    Todesdatum    		 Stadteil, Straße
    Verlegedatum
    Adler, Gertrud
    * 1/8/1937    		 9.3.1943 Konzentrationslager Auschwitz
    3/8/1944    		 Sachsenhausen, Löherstraße 21
    3/6/2011
    Adler, Gisela
    * 18/8/1925    		 9.3.1943 Konzentrationslager Auschwitz
    3/8/1944    		 Sachsenhausen, Löherstraße 21
    3/6/2011
    Adler, Heinz
    * ?.?.1927    		 9.3.1943 Konzentrationslager Auschwitz
    befreit    		 Sachsenhausen, Löherstraße 21
    3/6/2011
    Adler, Herbert
    * 18/11/1928    		 9.3.1943 Konzentrationslager Auschwitz
    befreit    		 Sachsenhausen, Löherstraße 21
    3/6/2011
    Adler, Margarethe
    (Braun)
    * 3/7/1903    		 9.3.1943 Konzentrationslager Auschwitz
    3/8/1944    		 Sachsenhausen, Löherstraße 21
    3/6/2011
    Adler, Reinhold
    * 26.9.1898    		 9.3.1943 Konzentrationslager Auschwitz
    1/5/1943    		 Sachsenhausen, Löherstraße 21
    3/6/2011
    Adler, Rolf
    * ?.?.1931    		 Lager F-Dieselstraße und Kruppstraße
    3/11/1942    		 Sachsenhausen, Löherstraße 21
    3/6/2011
    Adler, Ursula
    * 30/10/1938    		 9.3.1943 Konzentrationslager Auschwitz
    3/8/1944    		 Sachsenhausen, Löherstraße 21
    3/6/2011
    Klein, Kunigunde
    (Winterstein)
    * 2.3.1884    		 17.8.1940 Ravensbrück
    unbekannt    		 Altstadt, Kannengießergasse 6
    16/2/2009